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The prime candidates for this innovative treatment are those experiencing the early signs of aging. Sunburned or tanned skin can negatively affect the treatment's effectiveness and increase the risk of complications. We're all about flexibility and convenience, so pick a time that works best for you. Read more about Botox For Forehead Wrinkles New Westminster here Learn more about Botox For Forehead Wrinkles New Westminster here Minor swelling or redness around the injection sites can occur but should subside within a few days. Their testimonials underscore the transformative impact of Evolve-X, reinforcing that these aren't just temporary fixes but changes that enhance your lifestyle.
Manhas Health Co.'s advanced laser therapy isn't just about enhancing beauty. Learn more about Botox Clinic New Westminster here. Botox benefits New Westminster By encouraging new collagen formation, it's tackling the root cause of skin sagging and wrinkles, rather than merely masking them. These stories aren't just about looking better; they're about feeling unstoppable. Choosing Evolve-X at Manhas Health Co isn't just about changing how you look; it's about embracing a healthier, more confident you.
If you're experiencing discomfort, a lack of confidence, or simply want to rejuvenate your intimate area, vaginal rejuvenation could be a viable solution. Botox maintenance New Westminster Our experts are committed to providing you with the best care, advising on aftercare and any follow-up treatments to maintain and enhance your results. And if safety concerns have kept you at bay, the following insights into the procedure's safety profile and the care required post-treatment might just change your mind. After your PRP treatment session, it's crucial to follow specific care tips to maximize the benefits and ensure a smooth recovery.
Also, try to avoid wearing makeup to your consultation, especially if you're coming in for facial treatments. Let's explore the science behind these treatments, their myriad benefits, and the real success stories that have made them a cornerstone of aesthetic rejuvenation in Botox For Forehead Wrinkles New Westminster. Witnessing the transformation in your skin before and after Advanced Forma Face Sculpting sessions can be truly remarkable. Avoid hot showers, saunas, and strenuous exercise for the first 24 hours to help your skin heal.

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Whether it's fine lines, wrinkles, or a general loss of firmness, the treatment adapts to provide the most effective results. With our state-of-the-art laser treatments, she's now flaunting her natural skin, each day with more confidence than the last. Moreover, Botox can alleviate chronic migraines by relaxing muscles that contribute to tension and pain. From your first consultation, where your skin's needs are attentively listened to, to the selection of advanced aesthetic treatments and non-invasive procedures powered by state-of-the-art technology, every step is designed with your unique beauty and wellness goals in mind. To book your consultation, simply visit the Manhas Health Co. website and navigate to the 'Contact Us' page.

This gradual enhancement ensures that your look remains natural. With the latest technological advancements at their fingertips, they're setting new benchmarks in personalized body contouring. Our expert team at Manhas Health Co. is the backbone of our innovative aesthetic treatments, ensuring you receive personalized care tailored to your unique beauty goals. Their arsenal includes non-invasive treatments that require minimal to no downtime, meaning you can get back to your daily routine almost immediately.

Moving beyond body sculpting, we're excited to introduce our latest anti-aging innovations designed to rejuvenate your skin and restore its youthful radiance. At Manhas Health Co, you're not just another client; you embark on a personalized journey to unveil the skin you've always dreamed of. At Manhas Health Co, we tailor this adventure to your unique body goals, ensuring personalized care from start to finish. Botox, often heralded for its ability to reduce wrinkles, offers a multitude of benefits that go beyond mere cosmetic enhancements.

After establishing a personalized plan tailored to your needs, it's crucial to highlight the comfort and safety features that set Evolve-X apart. You'll find an intuitive online booking system that lets you choose a time and date that best fits your schedule. If you have active skin infections, are pregnant, or have certain medical conditions, it mightn't be the right choice for you. Use a high-quality moisturizer that suits your skin type to prevent dryness and flakiness.

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It is located on the banks of the Fraser River as it turns southwest towards its estuary, on the southwest side of the Burrard Peninsula, and roughly at the centre of the Greater Vancouver region.

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Citations and other links

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Emily's story is nothing short of inspirational. This helps ensure you don't forget anything important when you're speaking with our specialists. For example, our laser systems are designed to target specific concerns with utmost accuracy, reducing the risk of side effects.

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Botox for nasal flaring New Westminster Next, the concentrated PRP is carefully injected into the scalp where hair loss has occurred.

In an age where aging gracefully is for the storybooks, you've probably considered turning back time with a little help from modern medicine. Best Botox injector New Westminster Once you've selected your time slot, you'll be prompted to enter your contact information. Let's redefine aging together at Manhas Health Co.

Morpheus 8 tackles these issues head-on, promoting a smoother, firmer, and more radiant complexion. Evolve-X uses state-of-the-art technology that's been thoroughly tested and approved. They've embraced techniques that not only remove fat but also tighten the skin, offering a dual benefit that was once thought to be achievable only through surgery.

What's more, you'll appreciate the minimal downtime associated with these laser treatments. You'll find that their approach isn't just about enhancing your appearance; it's about empowering you to feel your best from the inside out. For example, if you have sensitive skin, we might opt for a gentler peel or adjust the frequency of treatments to ensure your skin's integrity isn't compromised.

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She's known for her innovative techniques and personalized treatment plans that focus on natural-looking results. However, if you require more extensive corrections, alternative treatments might be more suitable. Once the area is ready, the concentrated PRP is carefully injected into the scalp at the targeted sites to stimulate hair growth. Botox for special events New Westminster Dermaplaning gently scrapes away the top layer of dead skin cells, revealing a smoother and brighter complexion underneath, while chemical peels address a range of issues from fine lines to acne scars by exfoliating the skin at a deeper level. The treatment rooms boast the latest in aesthetic technology, ensuring that you're getting the most advanced treatments available.

Join us at Manhas Health Co and discover the perfect blend of luxury, innovation, and personalized care. This visual evidence can provide insight into their skill level and what you might expect from your own treatment. Following these steps diligently won't only enhance the longevity of your Forma Face Sculpting results but also contribute to overall skin health. At Manhas Health Co., we understand that your skin is as unique as you are. Anti-aging treatments New Westminster

You can often return to your daily routine immediately after. It allows you to visualize potential outcomes and feel more informed when discussing your options with us. We also offer special promotions and discounts throughout the year, making it even easier to access our top-tier aesthetic services. Lastly, your commitment to maintaining the results with a proper skincare routine and healthy lifestyle choices will ensure the longevity of your youthful glow.

Starting with a thorough skin analysis, the experts at Manhas Health Co. will identify your skin type, concerns, and goals. It's not just about altering your appearance; it's about enhancing your natural beauty in a way that boosts your confidence and reflects your inner self. Each client at Manhas Health Co. Botox for wedding preparation New Westminster embarks on a journey of transformation, supported by our expert team dedicated to your unique needs. Those with certain medical conditions affecting the skin or immune system may need to explore other options.

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Don't let stress and environmental factors take a toll on your skin. Under-eye Botox New Westminster Your journey with Manhas Health Co begins with a personalized consultation, tailor-made to understand your unique aesthetic goals and concerns. Don't worry; this warmth is generally comfortable and indicates the procedure is working as intended. Imagine achieving that toned look you've always wanted without the scars, pain, or recovery time associated with traditional body sculpting methods. They understand that aging isn't just about lines and wrinkles; it's about how you feel inside and out.

It's designed for those frustrating areas that don't seem to respond to diet and exercise alone. Unlike more invasive procedures, face sculpting allows you to return to your daily activities immediately, making it a convenient option for your busy lifestyle. Moreover, the device is designed to automatically adjust the energy delivery if it senses that the skin temperature is too high. They're here to guide you through every step of the process, ensuring you're comfortable, informed, and excited about your journey.

As you age, your skin's collagen production decreases, leading to wrinkles, fine lines, and sagging. In essence, IPL photo facials offer a multifaceted approach to skin rejuvenation. You'll start seeing improvements in your skin's texture and tightness after a few sessions, with full results becoming apparent a few months after completing the treatment series. That's where our cutting-edge treatments come in, designed to target stubborn fat, tone muscles, and tighten skin, giving you a sculpted, more defined silhouette.

Diving into the world of chemical peels, you'll uncover a myriad of benefits aimed at revitalizing your skin by shedding the old, dull surface to reveal a smoother, more youthful complexion beneath. Botox for neck wrinkles New Westminster You can resume your daily activities immediately, though it's advised to abstain from sexual intercourse for a short period to allow the area to heal properly. At Manhas Health Co., you're not just another appointment on the schedule; you're the center of a personalized aesthetic journey tailored just for you. Our team of experts then crafts a customized plan that aligns with your personal aspirations and lifestyle.

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If you prefer a more personal touch, their friendly customer service team is just a call away, ready to assist you in scheduling your appointment or answering any questions you might've about their services. We don't just stop at treating the problem areas. These procedures can range from non-invasive therapies like laser treatments to more involved surgical interventions. They offer thorough consultations to discuss your concerns and desired outcomes, ensuring you're well-informed and comfortable every step of the way. You'll find a range of options, from non-invasive facials that rejuvenate the skin to more intensive procedures like microneedling and PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) therapy, which promote collagen production and cell turnover. Botox for jawline contouring New Westminster

The process is relatively simple. Our state-of-the-art facility in Botox For Forehead Wrinkles New Westminster is designed with your comfort and privacy in mind, offering an oasis where you can unwind and rejuvenate. However, it's not for everyone. That's why they've sourced the latest in skincare technology and treatments to help you maintain a youthful glow and vibrant skin.

Shifting focus to hair restoration, PRP therapy works wonders by naturally rejuvenating dormant hair follicles, leading to healthier, thicker hair growth. This extra time also allows you to relax and mentally prepare for your consultation. At Manhas Health Co., we understand that feeling good about yourself isn't just about the physical changes; it's about rejuvenating your spirit and enhancing your self-esteem. You'll need to avoid sun exposure and apply sunscreen diligently to protect the treated areas.

Their team of experts uses state-of-the-art technology to ensure that you're receiving the most effective treatments available. Our follow-up appointments are meticulously scheduled to monitor your progress and make any necessary adjustments. After the PRP is administered, there's usually no need for a lengthy recovery period. This personalized approach ensures optimal results, making it a top choice for those looking to invest in their skin's health and appearance.

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Once concentrated, this platelet-rich plasma is then injected back into your body in areas requiring healing or rejuvenation, such as the scalp for hair restoration.

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This includes avoiding direct sunlight and using recommended skincare products to support healing. These aren't just isolated incidents; they're a testament to the transformative power of Morpheus 8 resurfacing and PRP hair restoration. With each session, you'll see a gradual improvement, leading to a brighter, more even-toned, and younger-looking complexion.
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Botox treatment results New Westminster By removing the outermost layers of skin, they unclog pores and prevent future breakouts, making them an effective solution for those battling persistent acne. You won't just look better; you'll feel better too.
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This innovative technology reshapes your body by targeting fat and enhancing muscle tone without incisions, anesthesia, or downtime. This process is quick and feels similar to a routine blood test. From laser skin rejuvenation to non-invasive body contouring, our state-of-the-art equipment allows us to tailor each procedure to meet your specific needs and goals.

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In general, a filler is something that is used to fill gaps. Specialized meanings include:

Materials

[edit]
  • Filler (animal food), dietary fiber and other ingredients added to pet foods to provide bulk
  • Filler (materials), particles added to a matrix material, usually to improve its properties
  • Filler (packaging), a machine designed to fill packaging, usually occurs in food packaging
  • Filler metal, metal added in the making of a joint through welding, brazing, or soldering
  • Grain filler, a product that is used to achieve a smooth-textured wood finish
  • Injectable filler, a soft tissue filler injected into the skin to help fill in facial wrinkles
  • Star filler, a plastic insert in computer cables which separates wires

Media and entertainment

[edit]
  • Filler (media), in television and other media, material that exists outside the story arc to pad out other material
  • "Filler", song by hardcore punk band Minor Threat, from their debut E.P.

Other uses

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

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The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

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A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

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Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

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Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

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Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

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Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

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Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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